What/What kind of questions should I ask when applying for a PhD?

I'm currently in master's of mathematical finance and hoping to get a PhD in stochastic analysis. What/What kind of questions should I ask when applying for a PhD?

Here is what I have so far: (not necessarily in coherent or logical order)

1) What kind of problems might I run into when my master thesis does not have the same topic as what I plan for PhD dissertation?

2) Do I need to take TOEFLS? IELTS? GRE? What else?

3) I am planning to apply to begin in 2016-2017. When do the applications begin? When does the semester start?

4) What are the requirements for applications (to the university rather than the specific program)?

5) Do I need a master's when I start applying?

6) What kind of funding can I get (e.g. scholarship, research assistant, grad teaching assistant)? How can I apply?

7) Is there anything else I might need to know?